Abolition of slavery challenged the economic model upon which the South derived its wealth and stability, but it also threatened the legal, cultural, and political status quo of the North and South.

The first half of the nineteenth century brought the debate over the legality and morality of the institution of slavery to a dramatic climax.

The history of the Catholic Church, the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), and enslaved people in St. Louis is significant because the Church established itself in the area using slaves as laborers.

As part of the Missouri Compromise of 1820, Missouri entered the United States as a slave state, while the state of Maine entered the United States as a free state to maintain the balance of states allowing slavery and those that did not.

As the public debate over free versus slave states continued, an African American slave named Dred Scott pushed the conversation further. He sued for his and his family’s freedom arguing that they had been enslaved in a free state and therefore should be released as free.

The conflict over slavery reached its zenith during a Senate debate on the floor of the Senate in May 1856.

While Missouri entered the United States as a slave state, Missouri entered the Civil War as a border state, with Unionists and Confederates struggling for power.

Early Reconstruction efforts empowered blacks to own land, build communities, form churches, vote for government officials, and send their children to school.

When the federal government withdrew its support of Reconstruction in 1876, the period of post-civil war growth for Blacks ended. Local and state laws were quickly passed that racially segregated Blacks from much of white life in the South. Known as “Jim Crow,” these laws, regulations, and social requirements relegated Blacks to second-class citizens.

The effects of Jim Crow laws were compounded by the U.S. Supreme Court ruling on Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 which held that racial segregation did not violate the U.S. Constitution’s Fourteenth Amendment. The Court narrowly interpreted the amendment, effectively formalizing the racist “separate but equal” culture that pervaded the South and border states like Missouri into law, and that led to systematic, gross inequality and violence against African Americans.

In 1897, a rising African American leader William Edward Burghardt Du Bois accepted a position at the historically black college, Atlanta University. Two years later he published one of his seminal works, The Philadelphia Negro, where he discussed his research and findings after spending two years studying African American communities in Philadelphia. His work challenged prevailing racist views and laid out for the sociological field a more scientifically rigorous method of conducting social research.