History

We start by tracing the early experience of African Americans in 1619 and overview how racial views from Europe influenced the early structures of governance from the colonies through the founding of the United States to the end of the nineteenth century.

We begin with the arrival of the first African slaves on the North American shores in 1619 and continue through the resurgence of white supremacy in the early twenty-first century. While the history section is, for now, complete, we will continuously update the website.

We hope this historical overview is a first step toward creating a more just and democratic society. As communities organize to advocate for more economic opportunity, community-based policing, and fair access to health care and education, we all benefit from understanding the systems that contributed to the inequalities and biases experienced today.

1800-1899: A Divided Nation Stephanie Brizee 1800-1899: A Divided Nation Stephanie Brizee

1876: City/ County Segregation

The 1876 Missouri Constitutional Convention formalized rules concerning local governance, including creating an option for cities meeting a minimum population threshold of “adopting a charter of self-government” that would effectively remove them from the oversight of county governance and place them on an equal self-governing standard.

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1800-1899: A Divided Nation Stephanie Brizee 1800-1899: A Divided Nation Stephanie Brizee

1877: “Jim Crow”

When the federal government withdrew its support of Reconstruction in 1876, the period of post-civil war growth for Blacks ended. Local and state laws were quickly passed that racially segregated Blacks from much of white life in the South. Known as “Jim Crow,” these laws, regulations, and social requirements relegated Blacks to second-class citizens.

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1800-1899: A Divided Nation Stephanie Brizee 1800-1899: A Divided Nation Stephanie Brizee

1896: Plessy v. Ferguson

The effects of Jim Crow laws were compounded by the U.S. Supreme Court ruling on Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 which held that racial segregation did not violate the U.S. Constitution’s Fourteenth Amendment. The Court narrowly interpreted the amendment, effectively formalizing the racist “separate but equal” culture that pervaded the South and border states like Missouri into law, and that led to systematic, gross inequality and violence against African Americans.

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1800-1899: A Divided Nation Stephanie Brizee 1800-1899: A Divided Nation Stephanie Brizee

1897: W. E. B. Du Bois

In 1897, a rising African American leader William Edward Burghardt Du Bois accepted a position at the historically black college, Atlanta University. Two years later he published one of his seminal works, The Philadelphia Negro, where he discussed his research and findings after spending two years studying African American communities in Philadelphia. His work challenged prevailing racist views and laid out for the sociological field a more scientifically rigorous method of conducting social research.

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